“Thoughts without content are empty, intuitions without concepts are blind. The understanding can intuit nothing, the senses can think nothing. Only through their unison can knowledge arise.” -- Immanuel Kant
“We live in a world that is subjectively open. And we are designed by evolution to be "informavores", epistemically hungry seekers of information, in an endless quest to improve our purchase on the world, the better to make decisions about our subjectively open future.” -- Daniel Dennett
"For scientists studying how humans cometo understand their world, the central challenge is this: How do our minds get so much from so little? We build rich causal models,make strong generalizations, and construct powerful abstractions, whereas the input data are sparse, noisy, and ambiguous—in every way far too limited. A massive mismatch looms between the information coming in through our senses and the outputs of cognition." -- Josh Tenenbaum
“We live in a world that is subjectively open. And we are designed by evolution to be "informavores", epistemically hungry seekers of information, in an endless quest to improve our purchase on the world, the better to make decisions about our subjectively open future.” -- Daniel Dennett
"For scientists studying how humans cometo understand their world, the central challenge is this: How do our minds get so much from so little? We build rich causal models,make strong generalizations, and construct powerful abstractions, whereas the input data are sparse, noisy, and ambiguous—in every way far too limited. A massive mismatch looms between the information coming in through our senses and the outputs of cognition." -- Josh Tenenbaum
Organizing by space
(space, time, and physics)
There are two faculties of understanding which it is
unlikely we have acquired from experience.
The first is that of understanding objects as extended bodies in a 3D space
and thus occupying some volume. I believe
it is Kant argued best against the hardcore British Empiricists, who
proclaimed that experience is the sole originator of knowledge. Experiences are the pen strokes, which fill the
Empricisit’s tabula rasa. Kant argued (against Hume) that the concept of a spatially extended object is not acquired from experience
– the very notion of experience requires that we already possess the notion of
an object in order to have a meaningful percept. It is as if the Empiricists failed to
acknowledge that to make strokes on a sheet of paper, we need to already have a
pen. Kant’s
intuitions are the pens of experience.
The requirement of having suitable intuitions for grouping percepts into experiences is what Kant described as a form of transcendental idealism. “Objectness” is a faculty of human
understanding, not something acquired from experience. If you are a vision researcher, being aware of this can have drastic implications on your research programme.
It has also been argued that there are some primitive
notions of object dynamics, aka folk-physics, which can are possessed by very young
children. Given the uniformity of human
experience (at least I have no ostensible reason to double that my colleague’s
experiences significantly differ from my own), and the diversity in our individual upbringing, it is also unlikely that folk-physics is learned from experience. However, I don't want to make any strong claims regarding folk-physics. I feel safe to say that Quantum Mechanics is another story -- it requires years of mathematics and thousands hours of deliberate problem solving to grasp.
Organizing by mind
(psychology, mind, and intent)
The second faculty of understanding, which can be found in
many aspects of human intelligence, is that of understanding the world in terms
of cognitive agents. Humans have an
amazing capability when it comes to attributing stuff with having a mind. This way of thinking about the world is so
common and uniform among children all over the world, that the differences in
their upbringing cannot be reconciled with the uniformity of their capability
to project humanness onto objects. Consider the following video (thanks J. Tenenbaum's videos/lectures for pointing this out).
We cannot just view this video os triangles, dots, and lines. Each one of understands the story in terms of a narrative based on agents and their intent. We are stimulated by the external world, we take as
input sense-data, and the brain helps us make sense of it -- it turns the hodgepodge of data into experience. But the brain is a mold, it conforms percepts
to some shape defined by the mold. These
molds are the faculties of understanding which let us understand things, it is
like the faculties of understanding are
basis vectors onto which we project all input sense data. The data is weak and noisy, the priors are strong, and
understanding is the result of their union.
An experience without a proper basis is blind, it is just a ball of
percepts. These faculties allow us to
have experience. The experiences,
coupled with memory, allow us to obtain understanding – where understanding is
the relationship between a given experience and past experiences, either in the
form of direct associations between currently-experienced-objects and
previously-experienced-objects, or rules abstracted away from
previously-experienced-objects being directly applied to the current sense
data.
What I am talking about is what philosopher Daniel Dennett refers to by the “intentional stance.”
Given my background in AI and philosophy of mind, it is very likely that
Dennett and I have had the same influences. I like
to juxtapose my ideas with those of the classical philosophers such as
Descartes, Locke, Kant, Wittgenstein and Pinker -- I’m not sure how Dennett motivates his philosophy nor do I know against whose ideas he juxtaposes his own stance.
At MIT, J. Tenenbaum is pushing these ideas to the next level. I only wish there was more perception in his work -- toy worlds just don't do it for me. I want to build intelligent machines, and really cannot afford to sidestep the issue of perception. Here is a great talk by Josh Tenenbaum on reverse engineering the mind from NIPS 2010. Video is on videolectures.net, just click the link.
Implications for Artificial Intelligence and Machine Vision
Following Josh Tenenbaum, I think that a criticism of classical machine learning is long overdue. Machine Learning, as a field, has been spewing out hardcore empiricists. “Let me download your features, my machine learning algorithm will take care of the rest,” they say. It is like the glory is in the mathematics, which manipulates N-D vectors. But I argue that intelligence isn’t “in the calculus,” it is what the primitives in the calculus actually represent. As an undergraduate I proclaimed, “I am not a mathematician, I am a physicists. I care about the structure of the world, not the structure of proofs. “ As a graduate student I proclaimed, “The glory isn’t in the manipulation of vectors, the glory is understanding the what/why of encoding information about the world into vectors. I am a computer vision researcher, not a machine learning researcher.” That is why the view of the world as coming from K different classes is wrong – this is merely a convenient view if the statistician’s toolbox is at your disposal. It is all about structuring the input to match a researcher’s high-level intuitions about the world.
